Facebook Marketplace 现在拥有 10 亿用户。 现在,它被骗子利用

已发表: 2021-09-22

编者注:这个故事最初由 ProPublica 发布,并根据知识共享许可重新发布。 在此处阅读原始文章。

多年来,Carman Alfonsi 依靠 Facebook Marketplace 为他的密歇根台球业务买卖二手台球桌。 他从广受欢迎的在线集市中获得了源源不断的收入。

但今年 7 月,Alfonsi 的 Facebook 账户被黑,并被用来发布大约 100 个手机和车辆诈骗列表。 市场发布指示买家联系诈骗者控制的电子邮件地址。 当顾客两手空空时,他们通过电话和 Facebook Messenger 向 Alfonsi 发送愤怒的信息。

Alfonsi 多次联系 Facebook 警告说他的帐户已被欺诈者劫持。 这家社交媒体巨头没有解决问题,而是禁止他使用 Marketplace,一度从平台上删除了他的个人资料。

现在阿方西在他自己的家里拿着枪。 他担心愤怒的 Marketplace 客户可能会出现在他的前门。

“我认为我遇到了麻烦,有人会来我家踢我的屁股,”阿方西说。

Facebook 的 Marketplace 无疑是商业上的成功。 今年春天,它每月达到 10 亿用户,该公司最近告诉投资者,这是其最有前途的新收入来源之一。

这种增长部分建立在公司对其平台安全性的保证之上。

“Marketplace 让您可以看到自己社区中真实的人在销售什么。 你可以看到他们的公开 Facebook 个人资料、共同的朋友和卖家评分,这样你就可以对自己的购买充满信心,”该公司表示。

这种信心可能会被误导。 Facebook 表示,它通过结合自动化系统和人工评论来保护用户。 但基于内部公司文件、采访和执法记录的 ProPublica 调查揭示了这些保护措施如何未能保护买卖双方免受欺诈清单、虚假账户和暴力犯罪的侵害。

Marketplace 的第一道防线由软件组成,该软件会在每个列表上线之前扫描其是否存在欺诈迹象或其他可疑信号。 但市场工作人员表示,这些检测服务经常无法禁止明显的诈骗和违反 Facebook 商业政策的列表。 自动化系统还阻止一些合法消费者使用该平台。

ProPublica 记者发现一个虚假和可疑账户网络发布可疑男性增强补充剂的列表,这违反了 Facebook 的多项政策。 Facebook 在获悉该活动后删除了数千个列表,并对 100 多个帐户采取了其他惩罚措施。 在另一起案件中,Facebook 暂时封禁了一名业余欺诈调查员的账户,一条自动消息称,该调查员对 Marketplace 上的欺诈列表提出了太多投诉。

作为其自动化系统的后盾,Facebook Marketplace 依靠咨询公司埃森哲雇佣的大约 400 名员工来回应用户投诉并审查该软件标记的列表。 ProPublica 了解到,直到最近,Facebook Marketplace 还允许这些低薪合同工通过让他们基本上不受限制地访问 Facebook Messenger 收件箱来监管其网站。 据埃森哲现任和前任员工称,这种广泛的访问权限导致员工监视浪漫伴侣和其他侵犯隐私的行为。 员工们表示,他们所做的努力在防止欺诈方面很少成功。

这家社交媒体巨头在监督服务方面的缺陷使欺诈者更容易进行一连串的诈骗。 内部市场文件、来自多个国家的执法公告和媒体报道描述了涉及彩票号码、小狗、公寓租赁、PlayStation 5 和 Xbox 游戏机、工作签证、体育博彩、贷款、室外游泳池、比特币、汽车保险、活动门票、疫苗卡、男性增强产品、奇迹美容霜、汽车销售、家具、工具、集装箱、巴西热带雨林甚至鸡蛋农场等企业。 诈骗者同时针对买家和卖家,造成财务损失、Facebook 账户被黑和个人信息被盗。

自大流行开始以来,美国各地的犯罪分子利用 Marketplace 进行武装抢劫,并在 ProPublica 确定的 13 起谋杀案中。 在一个备受瞩目的案件中,一名妇女据称被一名在 Marketplace 出售廉价冰箱的男子谋杀。 在 ProPublica 联系 Facebook 之前,被指控的杀手的个人资料一直在线并有活跃列表。

在许多方面,Marketplace 的缺陷反映了 Facebook 监督其平台的方法。 由于拥有大约 30 亿人的无与伦比的用户群,它迅速推出和扩展新产品,然后严重依赖自动化系统、低薪承包商和少数全职 Facebook 员工来执行其规则。 这种方法让错误信息在动态消息中猖獗,使 Facebook 群组成为暴力言论和激进化的温床,并使诈骗者通过发布欺骗用户的广告赚取数百万美元。

Marketplace 上的大部分商业活动都是完全合法的,所有连接本地买家和卖家的公司——在行业中称为点对点销售——都会遇到用户安全、欺诈和其他犯罪问题。

大型执法调查发现了在亚马逊和 eBay 上出售被盗产品的犯罪团伙。 根据一项统计,自 2007 年以来,Craigslist 已发现超过 130 起谋杀案。最近一连串与 Marketplace 相关的谋杀案发生在美国暴力犯罪全面上升期间

衡量 Marketplace 上犯罪活动的规模——或者将其与竞争对手进行比较——是很困难的。 FBI 的统计数据并不能有效地跟踪所有在线市场欺诈行为,也不能提供个别公司的事件发生率。 该局的互联网犯罪投诉中心(IC3)收集消费者对所有类型在线犯罪的报告,记录了 2020 年的总事件近 792,000 起,比上一年增加了近 70%。

Facebook 的一位发言人表示,该公司在自动化系统和审核团队方面进行了大量投资,以防止市场上的诈骗和欺诈,并与执法部门密切合作。 他拒绝评论与 Marketplace 交易相关的个人用户案例或暴力犯罪。

“所有在线市场都面临挑战,我们也不例外,这就是为什么我们一直在努力防止新的诈骗和欺诈方式。 任何关于我们不试图解决这些复杂问题或保护使用 Marketplace 的人的建议不仅是错误的,而且会误解我们的整个安全方法,”发言人 Drew Pusateri 说。 “人们使用它是因为他们的体验是积极的,为了帮助确保这种情况持续下去,我们正在努力改进我们的执法并提供最高质量的点对点在线市场。”

Pusateri 表示,在 Marketplace 工作的埃森哲分析师过去可以查看 Messenger 收件箱,但这种访问最近仅限于在 Marketplace 上交换的消息。

在其他公司推出打击诈骗和出售赃物的工具多年后,Marketplace 进入了互联网分类游戏。 然而,专家和前雇员告诉 ProPublica,尽管该公司在监管在线活动方面拥有可观的财务资源和专业知识,但它未能创建类似的保障措施。

例如,eBay 因引入托管服务和为欺诈性汽车销售提供退款而受到称赞。 该公司还创建了一个程序,可以主动寻找在其平台上出售的赃物。 在与广泛的二手车欺诈作斗争多年后,Craigslist 开始向用户收取发布汽车列表的费用,专家称这减少了此类优惠。

Facebook、eBay 和 Craigslist 等公司不会在其网站上披露有关欺诈性列表的数据。 Craigslist 没有回应多个评论请求。 亚马逊和 eBay 表示,他们不允许在其平台上出现赃物或诈骗。

“eBay 上不容忍被盗商品,”该公司的一位发言人说。 “eBay 非常重视用户的信任和安全,并完全致力于为全球数百万消费者提供安全的在线购物体验。”

“亚马逊不允许第三方卖家在我们的商店中列出被盗商品,我们与执法部门、零售商和品牌密切合作,阻止不良行为者并追究他们的责任,包括扣留资金、终止账户和向执法部门转介,”亚马逊的一位发言人说。

在 Alfonsi 的帐户被黑两个月后,他仍然被禁止使用 Marketplace,他说这种情况损害了他的业务。

“我死在这里,因为人们不再使用 Craigslist。 我告诉人们,世界上只剩下 Marketplace 和亚马逊了,”他说。

诈骗者的新宠

Facebook Marketplace 于 2016 年推出,此前这家社交媒体公司看到了致力于交易和销售商品的本地 Facebook 群组的受欢迎程度。 它将这项服务创建为一个专门的中心,人们可以在这里发布二手物品出售——汽车、衣服、船只、玩具——并与通常住在同一地区的买家建立联系,以完成交易。 通过 Facebook 移动应用程序上的突出标签大力推广 Marketplace。

当时,Marketplace 产品经理 Bowen Pan 表示,Facebook 将禁止违反其规则的商品或卖家。 但潘还强调,该公司不负责保护交易。 “我们认为我们的角色只是连接买家和卖家,”他告诉 TechCrunch。 潘于 2020 年底离开 Facebook,没有回应置评请求。

几乎立即,Facebook 因允许列出武器、非法毒品和成人服务等违禁物品而受到批评,导致该公司暂时暂停了 Marketplace 的推出。

重新启动后,该服务迅速在节俭者、小企业主和希望买卖家居用品的人中流行起来。 推出后不到一年,一个月内就有 1800 万个列表发布到 Marketplace。 Marketplace 现在可在 150 多个国家和地区使用。

与 Craigslist 等点对点销售的长期参与者相比,Marketplace 具有即时优势。 当时,超过 15 亿人拥有 Facebook 帐户,他们可以立即创建可供所在地区的人们查看的列表。 Marketplace 也在智能手机上无缝运行,而 Craigslist 直到 2019 年底才推出移动应用程序。

专家说,市场提供了另一个卖点。 与允许用户匿名发布的 Craigslist 不同,每个 Marketplace 列表都连接到一个 Facebook 帐户,通过提供有关潜在买家或卖家的更多信息来增加消费者的信任。

Forrester Research 副总裁兼首席分析师苏查丽塔·科达利 (Sucharita Kodali) 表示,这“比 Craigslist 提供了更多的安全保护,您可以在其中创建一个电子邮件地址,谁知道您会得到什么”。电子商务。

根据 Forrester 的一项调查,到 2021 年,Marketplace 在美国消费者中的受欢迎程度已超过其最接近的竞争对手 Craigslist。 它发现 14% 的人使用 Marketplace 进行购买,而 Craigslist 的这一比例为 6%。 两年前,只有 6% 的受访者表示他们使用 Marketplace 进行了购买。

使该服务受到用户欢迎的原因也使其受到犯罪分子和骗子的欢迎。 执法部门、零售安全高管和独立专家表示,Marketplace 的易用性、与占主导地位的全球社交网络的整合以及 Facebook 先前存在的假冒和被黑账户问题使该平台成为有组织的零售犯罪团伙和国际网络犯罪分子的最爱选择。跟踪欺诈事件。

欺诈者来自世界各地,在 Marketplace 上寻找受害者。 负责协助监管该服务的工作人员表示,许多骗局是由来自东欧和非洲国家的有组织的犯罪团伙经营的。 内部市场文件显示,Facebook 将几个国家/地区确定为“高风险”,因为那里的人进行的诈骗数量众多,而且他们经常以其他国家的人为目标。

Facebook 已将该服务扩展到已知的欺诈热点。 贝宁是内部认定的“诈骗流行率异常高”的国家之一。 根据公司文件,在这个西非国家甚至可以使用 Marketplace 之前,那里的网络犯罪分子就使用虚假或被黑账户发布针对其他法语国家人群的虚假贷款和男性增强补充剂的列表。 然而,Facebook 于 8 月底在贝宁正式推出了 Marketplace。

为了保护 Marketplace 每月超过 10 亿的用户,Facebook 严重依赖人工智能在每个列表上线之前对其进行扫描。 工人们表示,该系统经常无法识别诈骗。 一名现任 Marketplace 工作人员表示,该系统遗漏了明显的危险信号,例如被黑账户和可疑低价商品。

Facebook 在美国、爱尔兰、印度和新加坡雇佣了大约 400 名此类员工。 每个工作人员通常需要每天处理 600 多起投诉或帮助请求——每起事件不到一分钟的速度——其中许多涉及亏损的 Facebook 用户。

Facebook 表示,它不会强制执行处理投诉的配额,埃森哲大约 400 名员工并不代表为保护 Marketplace 而工作的总人数。 该公司拒绝提供从事 Marketplace 安全和安保工作的人数。 埃森哲拒绝置评。

多个 Marketplace 合同工告诉 ProPublica,他们很少(如果有的话)在骗局发生之前就阻止它们。 承包商在有人被敲诈后介入,禁止欺诈者,并在某些情况下帮助将被黑的 Facebook 帐户恢复到其原始用户。

“它是 100% 被动的,不是主动的,”一位在 Marketplace 工作了大约两年的前承包商说。 由于保密协议,此人还要求不具名。 “我想我从来没有阻止过任何人被抢劫。”

市场承包商可以访问平台上人们的 Facebook Messenger 收件箱。 根据埃森哲现任和前任员工的说法,这种广泛的访问权限使他们能够阅读所有发送和接收的信息,但遭到了员工的滥用。 他们说,有些人窥探前恋人并因此被解雇。

“如果大多数人都知道市场上这些随机的人对他们的信息有多少访问权限,那会让他们大吃一惊,”这位前承包商说。 “这令人毛骨悚然,我们不需要那种压倒性的侵入性访问。”

例如,通过收件箱访问,分析师可以查看帐户是否正在将相同的可疑消息复制并粘贴给不同的潜在买家或卖家,或者将他们引导到平台外以继续诈骗。 但据多名员工称,这种访问也为侵犯隐私打开了大门。

“最让我震惊的是,培训中没有任何数据保护指南,”一位前员工说。 “在我签署入职文件六个小时后,我就获得了收件箱访问权限。”

如果承包商试图在他们自己的朋友网络中查看某人的收件箱,系统会提醒他们注意此类访问。 如果员工试图访问 Facebook 内部知名人士(如政治家或名人)名单上的某个人的帐户,或者他们试图访问 Facebook 员工的收件箱,也会弹出一个窗口。 据多个消息来源称,如果承包商访问他们的 Messenger 收件箱,Facebook 员工是唯一收到通知的人。

Facebook 发言人 Pusateri 承认,这些员工以前可以访问用户的 Messenger 收件箱,但表示现在不再如此。 他说,作为调查的一部分,工作人员现在可以查看用户发送和接收的 Marketplace 消息,但他们无法访问完整的 Messenger 收件箱。 他还说,工人接受数据隐私培训。

他说:“我们根据当地法律制定了协议,限制可以审查的市场消息,并对未经授权的访问采取零容忍政策。” “任何被发现违反这项政策的人,无论是全职员工还是临时工,都将被解雇。”

ProPublica 获得的内部市场文件显示,Facebook 希望员工熟悉超过 25 个国家/地区的数十种欺诈行为。 新的、普遍的缺点被宣布为“趋势”,并附有有关如何发现它们以及采取什么行动的信息。 还有一些针对特定国家/地区的文件概述了世界各地常见的骗局和策略的趋势。

例如,内部文件引用了涉及诈骗的特定 Facebook 帐户。 该公司似乎没有对其中一些账户采取行动。 ProPublica 发现截至 9 月仍有 15 个仍然活跃。 一个这样的帐户被引用为广泛的市场骗局的一部分,其中用户声称正在销售备受追捧的 PS5 游戏机,但从未将它们交付给买家。 该帐户属于阿拉巴马州的一名男子,他管理一个名为“Playstation 5 Console's”的页面以及一个名为“Playstation 5 Orders”的 Facebook 群组。 他没有回应 ProPublica 的多次评论请求。

Facebook 没有披露统计数据,但 Marketplace 的庞大规模表明,该公司每天促成了数千次面对面的销售。 自大流行爆发以来,世界各地的警察部队已就诈骗和团伙抢劫回应市场列表的人发出警告。 主要零售商的防损人员也在努力阻止有组织的零售犯罪组织窃取库存并使用 Marketplace 以比以往任何时候都更快的速度进行封锁。

“我去 Facebook Marketplace,你可以看出有些东西是被盗的。 那里有一个人拿着 200 瓶 Tide。 真的吗? 谁有200瓶Tide?” 加州零售商协会主席兼首席执行官雷切尔·米其林说。 “我们真的需要开始关注这些在线市场。”

即使用户被指控犯有与 Marketplace 交易相关的暴力罪行,Facebook 似乎也没有禁止他们继续在该平台上进行买卖。

ProPublica 发现了四个活跃的 Facebook 账户,这些账户属于被控与 Marketplace 交易相关的谋杀罪的人。 其中,两个仍然在 Marketplace 上有活跃的列表。

在宾夕法尼亚州,54 岁的丹尼斯·威廉姆斯 (Denise Williams) 有兴趣购买她在 Facebook 市场上找到的便宜冰箱。 她因多处刺伤流血而死。

根据法庭文件,26 岁的 Joshua Gorgone 向警方承认,当她 4 月份来到他的公寓购买他以 160 美元的价格贴出的旧冰箱时,他刺伤了威廉姆斯。 然后,警方说,戈尔戈内将威廉姆斯裹在毯子里,把她扔在他的浴室地板上,她“被丢在马桶旁边等死”。 法庭记录显示,戈尔戈内告诉警方,他偷了她的 2019 年雪佛兰 Trax SUV,并用她的钱购买了海洛因。

目前被关押在坎布里亚县监狱的戈尔戈内被指控犯有杀人、抢劫、虐待尸体和其他罪名。 他已不认罪。

截至今年 8 月,用户名为 Thraxx Mula 的 Gorgone 仍在 Facebook 上拥有四个活跃的 Marketplace 列表。 ProPublica 联系 Facebook 后,他的帐户被停用。

Facebook 拒绝评论其政策如何适用于与 Marketplace 相关的犯罪嫌疑人的账户。

“市场是一个简单的目标,”前市场工作人员说。 “主要是婴儿潮一代和老年人,他们只是想卖东西。 你时不时会遇到一些人,他们在 Marketplace 遇到人并持枪抢劫他们。”

据密切跟踪分类和市场行业的商业情报公司 AIM Group 的创始负责人彼得·M·佐尔曼 (Peter M. Zollman) 说,Marketplace 的增长与 Craigslist 的下滑相吻合。

Zollman 表示,Craigslist 在处理诈骗和用户安全方面做得很差,但坦率地说,这些问题已经“放缓,因为 Craigslist 已经放缓”作为一家企业。 Marketplace 的爆炸式增长使其成为诈骗者和困扰此类服务的安全问题的焦点。

“总是会有一三个骗局。 Facebook 可以做得更多吗? 绝对地。 但他们是否采取了比许多市场更多的步骤? 是的,”他说。 “也许他们需要做更多的事情。”

被黑

根据专家、内部文件和 ProPublica 对数百个可疑个人资料的审查,被黑客入侵或伪造的 Facebook 帐户是困扰 Marketplace 的最大问题之一。 此类帐户可能会给用户一种虚假的安全感,他们认为这些帐户是真实的。

4 月,休斯敦警方发布了一项公开警报,指认一名当地男子,他们说他至少使用了四种不同的个人资料来建立虚假的 Facebook 市场交易,然后抢劫与他见面的人。 据警方称,该男子使用了一串不同的名字,但保留了相同的头像。

在其他情况下,网络犯罪分子会入侵 Facebook 用户的帐户,并部署它们来发布车辆、手机和其他高价值物品的列表。 他们说服买家提前付款。 一旦收到付款,骗子就会切断联系,不再交付商品。 除了使列表对普通买家来说似乎合法之外,使用真实账户还会让拥有被盗账户的人与受害者打交道。

在发现自己被黑客入侵后,台球公司老板 Alfonsi 联系 Facebook 寻求帮助以保护他的帐户。 几个星期过去了,没有任何回应。 然后人们开始联系他关于一辆卡车。 Alfonsi 的帐户再次被骗子使用。 ProPublica 在他的帐户中发现了 78 个关于三种不同车辆的列表。

“我不知道他们是如何放置它们的,”他说。

Alfonsi 再次尝试联系 Facebook,但没有得到答复——很快他发现自己被禁止在 Marketplace 上发帖,从而切断了他业务的一个重要收入来源。 他说 Marketplace 上被黑账户的普遍性可能会吓跑用户。

“现在每个人都在侵入 Marketplace,所以没有人会再信任它了,”他说。

在使用他的帐户投放更多诈骗车辆广告后,Facebook 在 8 月份删除了 Alfonsi 的 Facebook 个人资料,而没有告诉他。 他的帐户最终在 9 月恢复,尽管 Alfonsi 仍然无法使用 Marketplace。

Facebook“从来没有回复我,它只是变得越来越糟,”他说。

工人说,阿方西的经历凸显了 Marketplace 的另一个问题。 Facebook 的人工智能系统会定期禁止合法卖家和小企业主的账户。 据一名现任员工称,今年早些时候,有大约 700,000 个被自动封禁的账户积压,这些账户的所有者曾向 Facebook 呼吁恢复。 他们说,系统会自动禁止可疑信号的帐户,并且近一年来一直错误地禁止合法帐户。

Facebook 表示,它拥有自动化系统和人员团队,专注于禁止假冒和调查其服务中的被黑账户。 它表示正在雇用更多人来协助审查列表并标记市场上的受损帐户。

汽车:利润与危险

在 2019 年的财报电话会议上,Facebook 首席运营官 Sheryl Sandberg 将汽车广告列为 Marketplace 上最赚钱的细分市场之一。

“我们看到了很多兴趣,尤其是零售和汽车广告商,”她说。

骗子还对 Marketplace 上的二手车业务表现出浓厚的兴趣。

一位对整体趋势有深入了解的当前 Marketplace 工作人员表示,二手车欺诈是目前 Marketplace 上最大的问题之一。

欺诈者通常会发布带有多张吸引人车辆照片的列表,价格远低于市场价格。 当有兴趣的买家联系时,诈骗者会发送一条详细信息,其中包含有关车辆维护和所有权历史的信息。 他们也可能会解释说价格低是因为这辆车属于最近去世的亲人,或者因为卖家是一名即将发货的美国士兵。

窃贼要求潜在买家分享基本的个人信息,以便他们可以通过托管服务或 eBay 的车辆购买保护计划(该计划为与欺诈相关的损失提供高达 100,000 美元的赔偿)安排他们虚假声称的安全购买。 但是,eBay 计划仅适用于在 eBay 上购买的车辆。 一旦买家将钱汇给他们认为是合法的第三方,卖家就会中断联系。

路易斯安那州什里夫波特的一名 IT 顾问 Mark Reeves 帮助运营了一个 Facebook 小组,该小组致力于打击在线市场的骗子。 他说,他们中的许多人都在海外,并且已经从 Craigslist 转移到了 Marketplace。

“这些在美国以外的人需要被宣布为经济恐怖分子,因为他们每年都在诈骗数十亿美元,”里夫斯说。

Marketplace 的竞争对手近年来已采取措施遏制骗子。 在 Craigslist 上的二手车欺诈激增后,该公司在 2019 年实施了一项政策,要求人们付费发布二手车广告。 专家说,这项改革减少了服务上的此类骗局。

eBay 采取了多项举措来保护购买汽车的用户。 自 2016 年以来,其车辆购买保护计划已提供高达 100,000 美元的欺诈补偿。该公司还与一家在线托管公司保持合作关系,该公司充当汽车交易的中介,确保卖家获得付款,买家收到汽车、卡车、船,或他们承诺的摩托车。 使用托管计划是自愿的。

然而,有时,Facebook 似乎对增加销量比对安全更感兴趣。 2017 年,Marketplace 推出了新功能,例如列出 Kelley Blue Book Values,以扩大汽车销量。 为了让用户了解 Marketplace 二手车诈骗的常见迹象,它在 Facebook 的帮助中心提供了三个要点提示,并在更详细的指南中提供了一般指导,重点关注购买二手车。 它还没有开发专门用于阻止二手车欺诈的功能。

ProPublica 采访了一位业余欺诈猎人,他说他每天花费数小时在市场上搜索诈骗车辆列表,并将其报告给公司以进行删除。 这位因担心遭到报复而不愿透露姓名的退休人员说,车辆诈骗者已从 Craigslist 转移到 Marketplace。 2004 年,他第一次注意到 Craigslist 上的欺诈性二手车帖子,并开始联系网络犯罪分子以了解他们的策略,并通过电子邮件浪费他们的时间来分散他们对真正目标的注意力。

“问题在 Craigslist 上变得更糟,直到最近 Craigslist 开始收取发布汽车广告的费用……我开始看到同一群人在过去一两年大量迁移到 Facebook,”欺诈猎人在一封电子邮件中写道。 “Facebook 每天允许数百甚至数千这样的用户。”

他继续说:“情况比以往任何时候都更糟。 无处可求助。”

他分享了几个欺诈性 Marketplace 列表的示例,这些示例使用了 1998 年雪佛兰 Silverado 卡车的一组照片,他之前曾看到海外欺诈者多年来在 Craigslist 的欺诈列表中使用这些照片。 “Facebook 现在是他们选择的污水池,”他说。

9 月,Facebook 暂时阻止了他的帐户在 Marketplace 上报告可疑列表。 一条自动消息称,他在短时间内报告了太多列表,导致暂停。

他在一封电子邮件中写道:“Facebook 现在已经阻止我举报过多的诈骗网站,”并补充说,该公司“已经失控,因为诈骗者在 Marketplace 上无休止地发布假货。”

专家表示,诈骗车辆列表通常显示价格明显低于卡车或汽车的价值; 具有指示潜在买家通过电子邮件联系卖家的描述; 并显示用户已打开“假期”功能,该功能可防止人们使用 Facebook Messenger 联系发布列表的帐户。 假冒或被盗的账户通常会在美国各地发布数十个相同的车辆清单

根据这些标准,ProPublica 确定了数百个针对汽车、卡车和露营者的潜在诈骗列表,这些列表由属于美国的房地产经纪人、音乐家和其他人的被黑账户放置

但 Facebook 的自动化系统经过训练可以禁止或标记可疑列表,但未能识别和删除明显的骗局帖子。

在对低价卡车进行搜索后,ProPublica 很快就被 Facebook 的系统推荐为欺诈性卡车列表。

“这可以追溯到 Facebook 完全拒绝对其平台上发生的几乎所有事情负责,”Forrester 分析师 Kodali 说。 “他们并不是特别愿意关闭它。 而且我认为,在我们整个社会中,在线市场令人震惊的地方在于,没有规则和法规,没有围绕市场的治理。”

据警方通知、媒体报道和工作人员称,随着人们在大流行期间努力寻找住房或搬家,Marketplace 也发现欺诈性公寓和房屋租赁清单有所增加。

诈骗者从合法的房地产广告中复制照片并将其重新发布在虚假的市场列表中,以低于市场价格的价格提供房屋和公寓。 通常,欺诈者使用属于房地产经纪人的被黑账户来使他们的列表看起来更合法。 他们可能会告诉准租房者,由于大流行,无法亲自查看公寓,但会发送更多照片和信息以使人们放心。 骗子说服租户通过电子支付服务发送押金,并承诺使用快递发送钥匙,但钥匙永远不会到达。

The scam has claimed victimsacrosstheU.S., in Australia, the UK, and Canada, among other places. A man in Trenton, Ontario, who was selling his house said people showed up at his door claiming they'd paid him a deposit to rent the property.

“One lady said, 'I sent $1,000 to you,' and I said it definitely didn't come to me,” Allan Ballach, the owner, told CTV News Toronto.

Even listings that openly flout Facebook policies have flourished on Marketplace.

While browsing Marketplace, ProPublica identified a network of hundreds of fake accounts that posted thousands of listings for a male enhancement product that violates Facebook's rules against ingestible supplements and sexually positioned products.

An analysis of account bios, friend lists and posting patterns shows the fake accounts appear to be controlled by people in Ecuador who often say they are affiliated with Omnilife, a Mexican conglomerate that uses multilevel marketing to sell health products. The accounts post Spanish-language Marketplace listings that prominently feature women in suggestive positions and tight clothing.

The listings, which were typically targeted to cities in Texas, are accompanied by text that tells men they can enlarge their penises or last longer in bed. Other listings for the male enhancement products used cucumbers and other phallic imagery combined with attractive women in suggestive poses. Some accounts in the network also used before and after photos — banned by Facebook — in Marketplace listings to market weight loss and male hair growth products.

ProPublica followed up with multiple sellers on Marketplace and was sent details for two Omnilife supplements that one seller said contain “nutrients that the body and limb needs to make a POWERFUL erection.” The price ranged from $129 to $159.99 for two boxes of supplements that each contained 30 doses. Multiple accounts identified themselves as being affiliated with Omnilife or used company products in their profile or background image. Some of the fake accounts claimed to be based in the US and used stolen profile photos, while others listed their location as Ecuador.

Omnilife officials did not respond to attempts to contact them.

Facebook said it disabled some of the accounts flagged by ProPublica, banned others from posting to Marketplace and forced roughly 100 of the accounts to provide additional information in order to help confirm their ownership and authenticity.

The Money Maker

As Marketplace users lose money to scams and dubious products, Facebook earns revenue thanks to a range of increasingly profitable Marketplace advertisements that appear alongside free Marketplace listings.

In 2017 Facebook began placing ads on Marketplace listings from the millions of advertisers that pay to advertise across the company's products. Starting in 2018, Facebook also allowed users to pay to “boost” a Marketplace listing to ensure it was seen by more people. Those new revenue streams are among Facebook's most promising, according to company executives.

The company does not break out Marketplace revenue in its financial results, and declined to share figures with ProPublica. A spokesperson said that Marketplace remains a very small fraction of the company's roughly $85 billion in annual revenue. But the product continues to be touted by Facebook executives as an increasingly important revenue source.

CEO Mark Zuckerberg praised Marketplace's advertising growth on the previous company earnings call.

“Commerce ads continue to do very well and drive a meaningful amount of our overall business. We built Marketplace into one of the world's leading services for people to buy and sell,” Zuckerberg said.

Reeves, the Louisiana IT consultant who tracks Marketplace scams, criticized Facebook for profiting from bogus vehicle and real estate ads. He's spoken to real estate agents and others whose accounts were hacked and used to post advertisements on Marketplace.

“Facebook is an accessory by accepting money for scam ads,” he said.

Facebook said it invests heavily in ad review and that it refunds advertisers if their accounts were compromised and used to buy ads.

The Modern Pawn Shop

Last winter, police in Kansas began circulating an alert: Thieves had hit an equipment rental company three times in recent weeks, stealing two welding machines, two hydraulic pumps and an electric generator.

Their biggest score, though, was a white-and-orange Bobcat brand front-end loader, a piece of heavy earthmoving equipment that can sell for upwards of $50,000.

According to the bulletin, which ProPublica obtained, a man and woman rented the machine from the United Rentals location in Olathe — possibly using fake identification — and never returned it. The thieves then listed the Bobcat on Marketplace, eventually selling it to an unwitting victim for $13,500.

United Rentals and the Olathe police investigator working the case did not respond to requests for comment.

Experts said that Marketplace and other online sales platforms have transformed the business of theft, providing small-time crime rings and larger underworld operations with an easy way to unload stolen items. An August survey from the National Retail Federation, an association of chain and big-box retailers, found that 69% of respondents had seen an increase in organized retail crime over the past year.

“It's the online marketplaces that are driving the increase in retail theft,” said Lisa LaBruno of the Retail Industry Leaders Association. “The thieves who steal these products en masse need platforms to sell their goods.”

LaBruno, a loss prevention expert and former prosecutor, continued: “You have online marketplaces that offer anonymity. And they have very few checks and balances to vet sellers or make sure that they aren't selling stolen goods.”

Michelin, of the California Retailers Association, noted that many retailers employ teams focused on stopping the loss of inventory to theft by corrupt employees, shoplifters or thieves who target warehouses and supply trucks. But those loss prevention investigators often get stonewalled or ignored when they contact companies like Facebook to point out stolen goods, she said.

“We need these online marketplaces to be willing to sit down and work with us,” she told ProPublica. “My hope is that they don't want this type of criminal activity happening on their websites and platforms.”

​​Loss prevention specialists who spoke to ProPublica said eBay monitors its sales listings far more aggressively than Facebook. The company uses both staffers and automated tools to actively search out suspicious ads and user accounts. In 2008, eBay began sharing information with retailers through a program called PROACT meant to stop the sale of stolen goods on the platform. The company, which says it complies with US and international privacy laws, has also created a dedicated portal for law enforcement agencies seeking information about suspect listings. Last year it received roughly 5,000 requests for information from US law enforcement agencies, according to an eBay spokesperson.

Federal legislation may soon force changes at Facebook and its competitors. The INFORM Consumers Act, introduced earlier this year by Democratic Sen. Richard Durbin of Illinois, is the retail industry's attempt to bring accountability to online marketplaces. The bill would require online marketplaces to verify the identity of people selling goods on their platforms, among other reforms.

“Marketplaces have become the modern pawn shop, but with no accountability, no transparency and no physical address for law enforcement to investigate,” said Michael Hanson, spokesperson for the Buy Safe America Coalition, a group of traditional retailers pushing the legislation. “The anonymity they provide has made them a safe space for criminals to build a business model around theft.”

Companies including eBay, Etsy and Amazon are publicly opposing the proposed legislation, saying it would burden sellers with new regulations and favor big box retail chains. The Internet Association, a trade group representing Facebook and other large tech firms, has come out against the bill. “Big Retail needs to fix its own problem,” said the association in a statement. “The INFORM Act does not stop crime or counterfeiting in stores or online, but it will expose the private personal information of legitimate small business owners — many of whom are single person companies, often female-owned.”

Along with loss prevention departments at retailers, state and local police often bear the burden of responding to complaints and crimes committed using Marketplace and services like it. In a six-day span last month, police in one county in England reported 21 incidents of theft associated with Facebook Marketplace.

“We are urging those selling high value electrical items online, particularly on Facebook Marketplace, to be vigilant following a number of reports where people pretending to be 'buyers' have walked away with the goods after convincing the seller they have paid via bank transfer,” said an Augustnotice from the Hampshire Constabulary.

“Violent Criminal Actors”

The FBI has long warned that Marketplace and similar services could be exploited by criminals looking for easy scores.

In a 2018 bulletin, bureau analysts said that “violent criminal actors” were “very likely” to “use online resale platforms to target victims for armed robberies.” The eight-page intelligence brief encouraged investigators to “become familiar” with Marketplace and 11 other platforms. In the bureau's view, armed robberies were likely to become more widespread and “victims will continue to be victimized when both selling and purchasing items.”

From crime data, it's impossible to tell whether such incidents have indeed increased — the statistics are not nearly granular enough. Facebook said it employs a specialized team dedicated to working with law enforcement that provides information and support on a wide range of requests.

But it's clear that Marketplace is being exploited by criminals across the country. And, at least in some cases, Marketplace's safeguards haven't prevented those criminals from using the service to commit one robbery after another.

Early this year a federal judge sentenced a Missouri man to 10 years in prison after he had used the platform to set up three armed robberies. Prosecutors said the robber shot one of his victims in the leg.​ Ohio police in August arrested a teenager they said was responsible for at least a dozen robberies orchestrated through Marketplace. He was armed with a pistol when officers captured him during a sting operation.

A handful of these robberies have ended in murder.

It was June 1 when Kyle Craig set out from his home on Mississippi's Gulf Coast and drove north to a small, run-down truck stop just off Interstate 55. He'd made arrangements on Marketplace to buy a used off-road vehicle. Craig was supposed to meet the seller, a stranger, at the truck stop.

When Craig failed to return or answer his phone, his loved ones became alarmed.

The next morning, Craig's grandmother Debbie Steiner headed out with a small search posse, made up of a half-dozen friends and kin. Using a smartphone app, the group was able to pinpoint the exact location of Craig's phone in a forest not far from the truck stop outside the town of West, a poor, rural outpost in central Mississippi.

There the searchers found Craig's corpse lying in a swath of dense woodlands used by a hunting club. He had been shot more than 20 times.

“That's when our whole world changed forever,” Steiner said. After the coroner hauled Craig's body out of the forest, Steiner, weeping, bent down and kissed the ground where he'd lain. 她不知道还能做什么。

Much remains murky about Craig's final hours, but his family believes the Facebook Marketplace listing that caught his attention and led him to Holmes County was a trap used to lure him to his death. Prosecutors have charged five men and teenagers in connection with the murder. All five have pleaded not guilty.

Sheriff Willie March told ProPublica that he believes four of the defendants were involved in a similar crime that occurred approximately a month earlier. The victim in that case was a man who posted a listing for a used ATV on Facebook and was supposed to meet a prospective buyer at a gas station about 20 miles down I-55 from the site where Craig's body was recovered. But when the victim arrived at the gas station, he was robbed by a group of young men, who stole the off-road vehicle and took off.

March wasn't sure whether the deal was arranged over Marketplace or through informal channels on Facebook.

“I know they were stealing a lot of four-wheelers, and they were using Facebook to advertise them to sell them,” March said of the defendants. He added that prosecutors haven't brought charges related to the robbery because they're focused on the Craig murder case, which is more complex and carries far more severe potential penalties.

Craig was robbed and killed when he attempted to buy the off-road vehicle, March said. According to the family, Craig was carrying at least $5,000 in cash at the time of his murder.

His family said the 26-year-old had spent the better part of a decade scouring online classified ads first on Craigslist and, more recently, on Marketplace in search of vehicles that he could buy and resell for a profit. For Craig, it was a full-time job.

Craig's fiance, Shelbie Garbutt, didn't consider his occupation to be particularly risky; her main worry was that he might get in a car wreck while traveling to acquire or drop off a vehicle spotted on Marketplace. “It kind of was just like any other job to us,” she said. “I never imagined something like this would ever happen.”

She recently celebrated the first birthday of their son, Brantley, without Craig. “Losing Kyle is so, so devastating to me,” Garbutt said. “It's hard to even get out of bed some days.”

Disclosure: Craig Newmark, the founder of Craigslist, and the craigslist Charitable Fund have supported the work of ProPublica. One of the authors of this article, Craig Silverman, edits a book series for the European Journalism Centre, which has received funding from the Craig Newmark Foundation. Newmark is a shareholder of Craigslist but has not been involved in the day-to-day operations of Craigslist since 2000.

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